Nanostructure is a new system based on nanoscale material units. It includes nanometer array system, mesoporous assembly system, thin film Mosaic system. Research on nanoarray systems focuses on binary systems formed by metal or semiconductor nanoparticles arranged neatly on an insulating substrate. And nanoparticles, mesoporous solid and assembly system due to the nature of the particles themselves, and the interface of substrate coupling effect of some of the new, also made it in order to research hot spot, according to the sort of the support body it can be divided into inorganic mesoporous composite and polymer composite mesoporous two categories, according to the state of the supporting body and it can be divided into ordered mesoporous composite and disordered mesoporous composite. In thin film Mosaic systems, the main research on nanoparticle films is based on the electrical and magnetic properties of the system. American scientists using self-assembly technology will be hundreds of single-walled carbon nanotubes "Ropes" crystal cable, the cable with metal properties, resistivity at room temperature is less than 0.0001 Ω/m; Nanometer lead triiodide was assembled on nylon-11 to provide photoconductivity under X-ray irradiation, which laid a foundation for the development of digital radiography.